Ree speech on the Internet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ree speech on the Internet - Essay Example This is why terror groups use the internet to upload images of inhuman executions and issue terror threats with intent of causing panic and disruption of normal day to day operations. When such information is posted on the internet, it is quickly distributed to countless individuals through social media and other platforms such as email. This makes it impossible to extract such information from the public domain. With restrictions, such information cannot be uploaded to the internet since the source will be afraid that the information will be easily traced to him if control mechanisms are installed. This enhances the security situation of a country and the world at large. Secondly, the internet has been changed into an immoral world where materials such as hate speech, pornography and other lewd materials can be carelessly made available to the general public including underage children. Hate speech is capable of causing public unrest to the extent of causing riots and civil unrest. Unrestricted postage of pornography leads to moral decay since children who frequent the internet are bound to land onto this content. With restricted free speech on the internet, individuals issuing hate speech can be easily be traced for prosecution. Pornographic material made available to the general public including under age children can be controlled and minimized for the benefit of the society. Last but not least, the internet’s purpose is diluted when unrestricted free speech is allowed. Unrestricted speech means that information can be made available to a target audience without confirmation of how legit it is. The internet is an important tool for passing out information. With unrestricted free speech, the internet’s credibility and purpose of sharing information is jeopardized. Establishment of some level of restriction ensures that information

Health Care Delivery Systems Essay Example for Free

Health Care Delivery Systems Essay Abstract The American health care system is designed to focus on the organizations of individuals, places, and to treat and prevent adequate health care for the target populations. The federal government conducts an immense portion of delivering health care systems in our world today. The purpose for health care delivery systems is to provide financial tangible benefits and provide health care services for the population and institutions. The results showed for the support of the hypothesis is elaborating in the importance of different health care delivery systems and the purpose in how they are utilized in today’s health reform. Running Head: Health Care Delivery Systems Essay Health Care Delivery Systems Health care systems engage the initial contact of people and it is the foundation of primary health care. In order to receive primary health care it begins with providing a service to families, people, and communities through health professionals and their teams. The Health care delivery systems is involved with a proactive method to prevent health issues and to better ensure the organization and to investigate once a health issue has transpired. In addition, these type of services are publicly funded from general tax revenues without direct charges to the patient (Health Canada, 2011). The most two similar forms of health care delivery systems is managed care systems ex. (HMO) and fee for service (FFS). The fee for service plan is generally called Traditional Indemnity (Website 101, 2009). Fee for service offers flexible measures for the exchange of drastically high out of pocket expenses, it also requires a substantial amount of paperwork and premiums are high. Furthermore, some advantages are having the privilege in selecting hospitals and physicians of your own, and having the opportunity in receiving treatment from a specialist without a primary doctor referral. The disadvantages are high deductibles and the patient is responsible of paying twenty percent and the physicians are obligated to reimburse eighty percent of the expensive. Also, fee for service solely pays for â€Å"reasonable  and customary† health issues (website, 101). Doctors may have a different medical fee opposed to other areas, and the patients are obligated to pay their portion that is instated in health plan coverage. However, HMO is the less expensive and less flexible of all medical coverage’s. The advantages are consist of less paperwork and low copayments. It provides for a portion of improvement health preventive care plans. Unfortunately, there is disadvantages that the health care holder will experience with in choosing a PCP which is a primary care physician, and the HMO plan only accepts a network of their physicians or they will not stand up to the obligation of their financial transaction argument. In addition, in order for the client to see a specialist they must obtain a referral from their PCP. The expression Alternative Delivery Systems is created to entail all techniques of health care delivery systems barring acceptable fee-for-service and private practice like IPAs, PPOs, HMOs, and all other health care systems that provide health care of who conducts organized care systems. (http://aspe.hhs.gov/Progsys/forum/mcobib.htm). For example, Managed Care is a health care delivery system that merges payment and the delivery. It also accesses the use of treatments by engaging organization strategies creating to enhance the growth of cost-effective in the delivery of health care. Managed health care plan is a system that assimilates any management with in accordance of finance that delivers health care services of the covered population. In contrast, PPO also known Preferred Provider Organization is the delivery system that commits with medical care providers who gives discounted fees to clients. Nevertheless, clients have the opportunity to give health care to participants who are not members but can potentially become financial penalized due to any action of seeking out side providers and face consequences of not receiving discount and any deductibles of one’s health care plan and copayments. Goals of Health Care Delivery Systems. The reason HMO’s are unique because they prepaid and they are managed care systems that initially were health care alternative to fee-for-service health care. There goals is to obtain affordable and comprehensive health care coverage. This plan is conducted in advance by the option of a fixed fee from all members. Moreover, HMO delivers minimal cost for medical services that are needed for patients, and this health plan is responsible  in conducting the deliver and finance portion of the medical health care services. They also arrange to provide the essential medical care which includes the benefit packages. Prepaid Health Plans (PHP) is known to help make quality health care affordable for groups of people, including farmers, blue collar workers and their families† (Ahern, 2007) . In contrast, the traditional health care insurance only funds health coverage for hospital visits, and enrolled insures that receive health coverage in prepaid plans is charged a predetermined for acute and preventive health care from doctors who work in hospitals. As for PPOs, their health care philosophy originally was to create simple concepts in delivering health care services to large groups with lower rates in order to substantially gain a business development for their management. To emphasize, insures can select their own physician’s however penalties can potentially occur if they are not with the network. This form of health coverage is engaged in receiving adequate power with lower health care prices for their clients in the standing of the dense health care system in America. The fee for service (FFS) is ultimately focusing in creating options to approach paid private insurances to gain more control relating with time and the forms of treatment. FFS is designed to reflect on an ideal perspective for private health care plans, instead of government-administered pricing and giving proper recognition in private health care plans that can utilize health care organizations productively. This method will enhance quality and proficie ncy in delivering a regenerated approach in the health care industry (Nicolas, O’ Malley, 2007). Mission Statement If I had full control of conducting a health care delivery system I would focus in offering health care insurance for businesses, government organizations, people, families, groups, and schools. Also, I feel flexibility is significant for the process of selecting your own choice of primary doctors in the same network and receive great service with affordable payments. The health care delivery system will project and promote exceptional quality health care service is the HMO plan. This health plan will contribute in supporting by over exceeding expectations of all parties which includes employees, communities, work force, stake holders, investors, and customers.

Huck Finn :: essays research papers

Huckleberry Finn - A Racist Novel? There is a major argument among literary critics whether Huckleberry Finn, by Mark Twain, is or is not a racist novel. The question boils down to the depiction of Jim, the black slave, and to the way he is treated by Huck and other characters. The use of the word "nigger" is also a point raised by some critics, who feel that Twain uses the word too much and too loosely. Mark Twain never presents Jim in a negative light. He does not show Jim as a drunkard, as a mean person or as a cheat. This is in contrast to the way Huck's (white) father is depicted, whom Twain describes using all of the above characterizations and more. We see Jim as a good friend, a man devoted to his family and loyal to his companions. He is, however, very naive and superstitious. Some critics say that Twain is implying that all blacks have these qualities. When Jim turns to his magic hairball for answers about the future, we see that he does believe in some foolish things. But all the same, he is visited by both blacks and whites to use the hairball's powers. This type of naivete was abundant at the time and found among all races-the result of a lack of proper education. So the depiction of Jim is not negative in the sense that Jim is stupid and inferior, and in this aspect of the story clearly there is no racism intended. It is next necessary to analyze the way white characters treat Jim throughout the book. Note that what the author felt is not the way most characters act around Jim, and his feelings are probably only shown through Huck. In the South during that period, black people were treated as less than humans, and Twain needed to portray this. The examples of the way Jim is denigrated: by being locked up, having to hide his face in the daytime and how he is generally derided, are necessary for historical accuracy. So, Mark Twain had to display Jim's treatment in this manner, even if it is not the way he felt. Huck, however, does not treat Jim as most whites do. Huck looks at Jim as a friend, and by the end of their journey, disagrees with society's notion that blacks are inferior. There are two main examples of this in the story.

Christchurch Earthquake Essay

On Tuesday 22nd of February 2011 there was a 6.3 magnitude earthquake at 12:51pm. The damage in Christchurch was far more substantial than the damage caused in the 7.1 earthquake only 5 months before. 185 people were killed in the February earth quake and thousands more were injured. The epicentre of the earthquake was very close to Lyttelton and only 10 kilometres out from Christchurch Central city. The fault line that ruptured and caused the earth quake was the 15 kilometre fault along the southern edge of the city from Cashmere to Avon Heathcoat estuary. The build-up of stress or pressure in the rocks below Christchurch The earth is made up of many tectonic plates. It is the movement of these plates that has created the geographical features of many countries. New Zealand lies on the boundary between two of these plates: The Pacific Plate and the Australian Plate. This boundary is most obvious along the Southern Alps. From this main fault there are many smaller ones spreading outwards. Some of these spread into Canterbury. Before the 2010 and 2011 earthquakes it was not thought that there were any significant fault lines near Christchurch. Now we know there are. Stress is not caused by the movement of tectonic plates, but more by when the edges of the plates jam against each other and stop moving. The pressure builds up behind the part that has jammed. Eventually the pressure is so great that the plate moves suddenly and this causes earthquakes. The build-up of stress and the sudden movement when the stress is released shakes the rocks deep under Christchurch. The fault lines under and near the city shake, causing the rocks to move. This causes the major earthquakes.The outer core of the earth is layer of molten rock. On top of this is the mantle. On top of the mantle is the earth’s crust that we live on. The mantle gets very hot and in thin places molten rock rises to its top. Because of this hot and cold relationship, the crust on top is broken into tectonic plates. The movement of molten rock causes energy to be moved upwards into the crust. When the crust can no longer hold this energy, it moves along the boundaries of the tectonic plates. These boundaries are the weakest parts of the crust and will therefore be the first bits to break and move. Release of stress The Port Hills fault line that caused the 6.3 magnitude earth quake in February was 15km long and stretched east to north east along from Cashmere to the Avon Heathcoat estuary. The fault line that caused the Feb 22 quake was one that was previously unknown close to the Port Hills. This fault line did not break the earth’s surface, so there was nothing visible for scientists to go and look at. Using instruments that measure earthquakes and earth movement scientists were able to determine exactly where this fault was and that the bit that actually moved, causing the earthquake was 15km long. Fault lines are the weakest part of the earth’s crust. When there is stress caused underneath by movement, the fault lines are the first part to move. It is a bit like a piece of glass: if there is a crack in the glass that will be the first place where the glass will break. So pressure is released under the earth’s crust. The earth’s crust will actually hold a lot of t his pressure. When the pressure becomes too much for the crust to hold, the fault lines are the first bits to move. One of the ways scientists measure and record the fault movement was through the displacement of GPS stations, whose displacements were used to create the fault slip model. http://www.gns.cri.nz/Home/Our-Science/Natural-Hazards/Recent-Events/Canterbury-quake/Hidden-fault The transmission of energy through the earths crust The energy released when a fault line moves is like a stone being dropped in a puddle of water. It causes ripples to move out from the centre. The ripples are worst nearest the centre and they get smaller as they get to the edge of the puddle. The centre of an earthquake is the epicentre. When energy is released at an epicentre, waves of energy move outwards, causing the ground to shake. As the epicentre of the Christchurch earthquakes was quite close to the city, the energy that caused the ground to move under Christchurch was violent. If the epicentre had been further away the quakes would have felt smaller.There was movement up, down and sideways during the February quake. The block of land on the south side of the fault line rose about 2.5 metres – this included the Port Hills. The land on this side of the fault also moved westwards. The land on the north side of the fault moved eastwards towards the sea. However, much of this movement was underground. The land has risen as much as 40 centimetres around the western side of the Avon-Heathcote estuary.The amount the Port hills has risen  varies a lot , under Lyttelton Harbour it has risen about 5 centimetres but at the base of the hills near the Heathcote valley, it has risen to a maximum of around 25 centimetres. As a result of the fault slip, areas like Bexley, Aranui, Wainoni, Avondale and New Brighton have sunk, mostly by less than 15 centimetres. Northern, northeastern and central areas of Christchurch have also sunk, but generally by less than 5 centimetres. Earth quakes / fault movements are measured with a sensitive instrument called a seismograph. Earth quakes generate seismic waves and the seismograph is used to detect them. The magnitude of an earthquake depends on how big or small the fault is and the amount it has slipped. The seismograph shows the recordings made on the seismographs detected at the surface of the earth to determine how large the earthquake was. A short wiggly line that doesn’t move very much means a small earthquake, and a long wiggly line that wiggles a lot means a large earthquake. Through the seismograph we get the Richter scale. The Richter scale is a scale used for expressing the magnitude of an earthquake based on the height of the largest shake 100km from the epicentre. There are different types of seismic waves that can be detected; there are P waves and S waves (primary and secondary) P-waves are travel at the greatest velocity through the earth making them the first waves to be recorded on a seismograph during an earthquake. S waves are transverse waves that travel slower than P waves but are more destructive because of their large amplitude. The effects on man-made structures and aftershocks Liquefaction is a substance where strength and stiffness of a soil is reduced by tectonic plates shifting or other rapid movement. Liquefaction occurs in sodden soils. The water applies a pressure on the soil particles this controls how tightly the particles are pressed together. Before an earthquake, the water pressure is relatively low. However when the tectonic plates start shaking it can cause the water pressure to build up to the point where the soil particles can readily move. Some Areas of Christchurch are more prone to others as some suburbs have up to 9cm of liquefiable substances such as sand and soft soil. These substances turn into liquefaction easily as they mix well with the water underground. Costal areas are also more prone as the soft sand mixes well with the water also. There was more damage caused by liquefaction in the central city and eastern  suburbs than other places simply because it depends on the soil. Since Christchurch is built on marsh land our soil is very susceptible to liquefaction and there is very little we can do to stop it. Some Areas of Christchurch are more prone to others as some suburbs have up to 9cm of liquefiable substances such as sand and soft soil. These substances turn into liquefaction easily as they mix well with the water underground. Costal areas are also more prone as the soft sand mixes well with the water also. Most buildings that survived the Christchurch earth quake were wooden because when wood is shaken it is able to bend and twist with the movement, whereas for bricks and stone they can’t move at all and just have to absorb the shock of the shaking which generally leads to buildings collapsing all together E.g. Christchurch Cathedral, CTV building and Knox church. Buildings like the Christchurch Women’s Hospital survived through the September and February earthquake because its foundations are base isolated. Base isolation is when a building is separated from the ground that it is built on. Large plates separate the ground and the building. One plate is secured to the ground and the other is secured to the bottom of the building. During an earth quake these plates only move a little bit, absorbing mos t of the shock from the earthquake minimizing damage to the rest of the building. Also depends on the soil under the building, if it is prone to liquefaction or not. Some houses had liquefaction coming up through their floors damaging the foundations so much they had to leave their homes, and basements of office buildings or apartment blocks were flooded with liquefaction, making them un-use able.A tsunami didn’t occur after the Christchurch earth quake because the epicentre was in land and no seismic energy was released under the sea. Tsunamis only happen when the epicentre is in the sea, making the energy from the earth quake ripple the water on to land. The bigger the earth quake is, the bigger the tsunami. Aftershocks? After shocks are a lots of smaller earth quakes that happen after the initial earth quake. They occur because the fault line that ruptured needs to settle down again and release stress, aftershocks are the fault lines way of releasing remaining energy. According to http://www.christchurchquakemap.co.nz/february there have been 8673 after  shocks since February 22nd 2011 as of Monday 19th May 2014. Including after shocks that have been so big they are classed as an earth quake of their own like the 13th of June 2011 and the 23rd of December 2011. After shocks do not occur in the exact same place, but they do occur along the same fault line and in the same region. The main earthquake has already happened and released most of its energy already, but further along the fault line the rocks are now out of place and the grinding between them causes more earthquakes (aftershocks). Bibliography http://www.ipenz.org.nz/IPENZ/forms/pdfs/ChChFactSheets-Answers-critical-questions-buildings.pdf http://keithwoodford.wordpress.com/2011/02/27/understanding-the-christchurch-earthquake-building-damage/ http://scienceblogs.com/startswithabang/2013/05/10/where-does-an-earthquakes-energy-come-from/ www.scoop.co.nz/stories/SC1103/S00054/the-canterbury-earthquakes-scientific-answers.htm http://www.mona.uwi.edu/earthquake/quickinfo.php http://all-geo.org/highlyallochthonous/2011/02/magnitude-6-3-earthquake-rocks-christchurch/ http://www.gns.cri.nz/Home/Our-Science/Natural-Hazards/Recent-Events/Canterbury-quake/Hidden-fault http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peak_ground_acceleration http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/SC1103/S00054/the-canterbury-earthquakes-scientific-answers.htm http://file.stuff.co.nz/stuff/12-51/ http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/historic-earthquakes/page-13

Philippines Literature Essay

The diversity and richness of Philippine literature evolved side by side with the country’s history. Long before the Spaniards and other foreigners landed or set foot on Philippine shores, our forefathers already had their own literature stamped in the history of our race. Our ancient literature shows our customs and traditions in everyday life as traced in our folk stories, old plays and short stories. Our ancestors also had their own alphabet which was different from that brought by the Spaniards. –> LITERATURE: the body of oral and written works, text, books, poetry, etc. these are the several things that concern this subject. we have been exposed to literature ever since we were young. reading, writing, that’s what we do. but is this really the essence of literature? the time i realized that i was going to take up â€Å"Philippine Literature† this semester, i was rather a bit curios about what would be in store for me, for the whole class. our Literature instructor Ms. Dinah Laguna-Mission is very enthusiastic in teaching us. never came a time that i felt sleepy or bored during our lit. subject. she has a lively voice and pronunciation, lively gestures and the witty use of words were the things i looked forward to every time she came. at first, i expect that the subject content and the teaching method was just a repetition of what has been taught to us during high school. but i was wrong, the different genre of literature, different devices and ever famous figures of speech were the ones being taught to us. after all the experiences and new knowledge imparted to me, i realized that Literature is not only about just reading the stories, poems, riddles, etc. but either its understanding them deeply. i thank Ms. Mission for imparting this knowledge imparted to me and the whole class for making this journey bearable and truly enjoyable one. it was beyond doubt an accomplishment for us and so, even if i finish the subject Philippines Literature, the things i  learned, the memories and experience will truly mo no matter what. ^_^

Free Essays on Fuente Ovejuna

The play’s central plot focuses on Frondoso (Andy Schlichter COL ’02), a peasant who is forced to defend his honour and his love, Laurencia (Danielle Cantrel, SFS ’02), against a tyrannical overlord. Played out against the backdrop of the 15th-century Spanish Catholic monarchy, the village of Fuente Ovejuna finally rises against the tyrannical Commander (Sean Greene, COL ’01) to protect its two citizens. The importance of collective action and responsibility saturates the story, and all of the characters are solid in their own performances. Cantrel is a standout as the energetic heroine, as is Alex Banks (COL ’01) who plays the hang-loose Esteban. Cabrera dilutes the historical aspect of the play with contemporary costumes and a simple set that imitates Gaudi using soda bottles. Her attempt to relate the events of the play with those of modern times is understandable because "Fuente Ovejuna" adapts historical details for mainly poetic purposes. Stripped down to its bare bones, the story deals with the reconstruction of a perfect world. However, the play is tightly tied to its setting in that it revolves around class struggles specific to the period. These important themes are weakened in her modern translation and leave the play unbalanced. Cabrera’s most ambitious decision is to present the play through a feminist perspective, adding an interesting element to the power struggles within the play. Most of the male characters are chauvinistic and self-important; women portray the obedient or manipulative characters. Cabrera also casts some actors in two opposing roles, allowing them to experience two characters with varying degrees of power and importance. It becomes as much a learning experience for the actors as it does for the audience. By the third act, the play’s cohesiveness begins to disintegrate. De Vega’s script, which appears to lose its drive, is partly to blame. It is as if he became bored with t... Free Essays on Fuente Ovejuna Free Essays on Fuente Ovejuna The play’s central plot focuses on Frondoso (Andy Schlichter COL ’02), a peasant who is forced to defend his honour and his love, Laurencia (Danielle Cantrel, SFS ’02), against a tyrannical overlord. Played out against the backdrop of the 15th-century Spanish Catholic monarchy, the village of Fuente Ovejuna finally rises against the tyrannical Commander (Sean Greene, COL ’01) to protect its two citizens. The importance of collective action and responsibility saturates the story, and all of the characters are solid in their own performances. Cantrel is a standout as the energetic heroine, as is Alex Banks (COL ’01) who plays the hang-loose Esteban. Cabrera dilutes the historical aspect of the play with contemporary costumes and a simple set that imitates Gaudi using soda bottles. Her attempt to relate the events of the play with those of modern times is understandable because "Fuente Ovejuna" adapts historical details for mainly poetic purposes. Stripped down to its bare bones, the story deals with the reconstruction of a perfect world. However, the play is tightly tied to its setting in that it revolves around class struggles specific to the period. These important themes are weakened in her modern translation and leave the play unbalanced. Cabrera’s most ambitious decision is to present the play through a feminist perspective, adding an interesting element to the power struggles within the play. Most of the male characters are chauvinistic and self-important; women portray the obedient or manipulative characters. Cabrera also casts some actors in two opposing roles, allowing them to experience two characters with varying degrees of power and importance. It becomes as much a learning experience for the actors as it does for the audience. By the third act, the play’s cohesiveness begins to disintegrate. De Vega’s script, which appears to lose its drive, is partly to blame. It is as if he became bored with t...

It Is A Team Project About Target Example

It Is A Team Project About Target Example It Is A Team Project About Target – Term Paper Example Target Introduction Originally known as Dayton Dry Goods Company, Target Corporation is one of the largest discount retailers in the United States with the company, whose stores are located across the United States, and other nations, offering differentiated products to their consumers. The company’s brand promises relies on providing exceptional products to its customers in an approach that delivers outstanding value, ensures innovation in customer service, and provided exceptional customer experiences whereby the company delivered more products to its customers who paid less (Target.com, 2013). Target faces criticisms regarding the company’s policy towards the living wage of their employees and other important employee issues that influence their performance (Bhatnagar, 2005). The failure to implement a policy that provided for a living wage, and another policy that ensured that the company enhanced their employees’ labor participation, are two factors that hi ghlight the poor working conditions that employees at Target face. In effect, it is important to discover the reasons behind the company’s poor working conditions. In this case, it is crucial to use Hertzbergs two factor theory, which identifies the factors that cause job satisfaction in the workplace while also identifying the set of factors that contributed to job dissatisfaction in the workplace (Sapru, 2008). On the other hand, the job characteristics model proposed by Hackman and Oldham (Fried, & Ferris, 1987) will be crucial in identifying how task identification and skills variety contribute to motivation while the model will identify how autonomy, as a motivator, leads to job satisfaction and performance. We propose the following hypothesis: Hypothesis 1: A Target employee’s task identity will be positively related to their work motivation. Hypothesis 2: A target employee’s low feeling of autonomy will have a direct negative relationship with their motiv ation and satisfaction.Hypothesis 3: The poor working conditions provided for target employees with have a direct negative relationship to employee dissatisfaction.Hypothesis 4: Employee’s being given stimulating work and feelings of achievement will lead to job satisfaction.ReferencesBhatnagar, P. (2005). Just call it Teflon Target. CNN.com. Retrieved from http://money.cnn.com/2005/04/20/news/fortune500/target_walmart/ Fried, Y., & Ferris, G. R. (1987). The validity of the Job Characteristics Model: A review and meta-analysis. Personnel Psychology, 40(2), 287-322.Sapru, R. K. (2008). Administrative Theories And Management Thought 2nd Ed. New Delhi, India: PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.Target.com. (2013). Mission & Values. Retrieved from https://corporate.target.com/about/mission-values

Overview of the 27th Amendment

Overview of the 27th Amendment Taking nearly 203 years and the efforts of a college student to finally win ratification, the 27th Amendment has one of the strangest histories of any amendment ever made to the U.S. Constitution. The 27th Amendment requires that any increases or decreases in the base salary paid to members of Congress may not take effect until the next term of office for the U.S. representatives begins. This means that another congressional general election must have been held before the pay raise or cut can take effect. The intent of the Amendment is to prevent Congress from granting itself immediate pay raises. The complete text of the 27th Amendment states: â€Å"No law, varying the compensation for the services of the Senators and Representatives, shall take effect, until an election of representatives shall have intervened.† Note that members of Congress are also legally eligible to receive the same annual cost-of-living adjustment (COLA) raise given to other federal employees. The 27th Amendment does not apply to these adjustments. The COLA raises take effect automatically on January 1 of each year unless Congress, through the passage of a joint resolution, votes to decline them - as it has done since 2009. While the 27th Amendment is the Constitution’s most recently adopted amendment, it is also one of the first ones proposed. History of the 27th Amendment As it is today, congressional pay was a hotly debated topic in 1787 during the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia. Benjamin Franklin opposed paying congress members any salary at all. Doing so, Franklin argued, would result in representatives seeking office only to further their â€Å"selfish pursuits.† However, a majority of delegates disagreed; pointing out that Franklin’s payless plan would result in a Congress made up only of wealthy people who could afford holding federal offices. Still, Franklin’s comments moved the delegates to look for a way to make sure people did not seek public office simply as a way to fatten their wallets.   The delegates recalled their hatred for a feature of the English government called â€Å"placemen.† Placemen were seated members of Parliament who were appointed by the King to simultaneously serve in highly-paid administrative offices similar to presidential cabinet secretaries simply to buy their favorable votes in Parliament. To prevent placemen in America, the Framers included the Incompatibility Clause of Article I, Section 6 of the Constitution. Called the â€Å"Cornerstone of the Constitution† by the Framers, the Incompatibility Clause states that â€Å"no Person holding any Office under the United States, shall be a Member of either House during his Continuance in Office.† Fine, but to the question of how much members of Congress would be paid, the Constitution states only that their salaries should be as â€Å"ascertained by Law† - meaning Congress would set its own pay. To most of the American people and especially to James Madison, that sounded like a bad idea. Enter the Bill of Rights In 1789, Madison, largely to address the concerns of the Anti-Federalists, proposed the 12 - rather than 10 - amendments that would become the Bill of Rights when ratified in 1791. One of the two amendments not successfully ratified at the time would eventually become the 27th Amendment. While Madison did not want Congress to have the power to give itself raises, he also felt that giving the president a unilateral power to set congressional salaries would give the executive branch too much control over the legislative branch to be in the spirit of the system of â€Å"separation of powers† embodied throughout the Constitution.   Instead, Madison suggested that the proposed amendment require that a congressional election had to take place before any pay increase could take effect. That way, he argued, if the people felt the raise was too large, they could vote â€Å"the rascals† out of office when they ran for re-election. The Epic Ratification of the 27th Amendment On September 25, 1789, what would much later become the 27th Amendment was listed as the second of 12 amendments sent to the states for ratification. Fifteen months later, when 10 of the 12 amendments had been ratified to become the Bill of Rights, the future 27th Amendment was not among them. By the time the Bill of Rights was ratified in 1791, only six states had ratified the congressional pay amendment. However, when the First Congress passed the Amendment in 1789, lawmakers had not specified a time limit within which the Amendment had to be ratified by the states. By 1979 - 188 years later - only 10 of the 38 states required had ratified the 27th Amendment. Student to the Rescue Just as the 27th Amendment appeared destined to become little more than a footnote in history books, along came Gregory Watson, a sophomore student at the University of Texas in Austin. In 1982, Watson was assigned to write an essay on government processes. Taking an interest in constitutional amendments that had not been ratified; he wrote his essay on the congressional pay amendment. Watson argued that since Congress had not set a time limit in 1789, it not only could but should be ratified now. Unfortunately for Watson, but fortunately for the 27th Amendment, he was given a C on his paper. After his appeals to get the grade raised were rejected, Watson decided to take his appeal to the American people in a big way. Interviewed by NPR in 2017 Watson stated, â€Å"I thought right then and there, ‘I’m going to get that thing ratified.’† Watson started by sending letters to state and federal legislators, most of who just filed away. The one exception was U.S. Senator William Cohen who convinced his home state of Maine to ratify the amendment in 1983. Driven largely by the public’s dissatisfaction with the performance of Congress compared to its rapidly-rising salaries and benefits during the 1980s, the 27th Amendment ratification movement grew from a trickle to a flood. During 1985 alone, five more states ratified it, and when Michigan approved it on May 7, 1992, the required 38 states had followed suit. The 27th Amendment was officially certified as an article of the U.S. Constitution on May 20, 1992 - a staggering 202 years, 7 months, and 10 days after the First Congress had proposed it. Effects and Legacy of the 27th Amendment The long-belated ratification of an amendment preventing Congress from voting itself an immediate pay raise shocked members of Congress and baffled legal scholars who questioned whether a proposal written by James Madison could still become part of the Constitution nearly 203 years later. Over the years since its final ratification, the practical effect of the 27th Amendment has been minimal. Congress has voted to reject its annual automatic cost-of-living raise since 2009 and members know that proposing a general pay raise would be politically damaging.   In that sense alone, the 27th Amendment represents an important gauge of the people’s report card on Congress through the centuries. And what of our hero, college student Gregory Watson? In 2017, the University of Texas recognized his place in history by at last raising the grade on his 35-year-old essay from a C to an A.

Inflation Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Inflation - Literature review Example The markets had assumed that the debt by Euro zone was safe. This made the investors think that all members thereby making them willing to maintain debts even at low interest rates despite countries including Italy and Greece having high debt levels had backed them. After the credit crunching, the investors began being to be more skeptical about the European finances. The other unfortunate occurrence was that the European Union had no strategies in place to deal with the sudden panic. The diagram below shows some debt from Selected European countries between 2007 and 2010. Pettinger on the economics journal of October 2011, tried to analyze the Euro economic crisis critically where he applied a single currency meant that several of the solutions regarding economic problems could not be used. The most difficult task is to reduce the government borrowing levels while managing lower unemployment and economic recovery. He studied several European economies including Greece, Ireland and Portugal and found the following problems. Pettinger best-suggested solution was currency devaluation. This refers to the reduction in the value of exchange rates .This would see regaining of competitiveness, reduction of budget deficit, increase employment rates, and aid in economic recovery. Since economic recovery is the key to reduction in budget deficit. He suggested that Countries should stop the use of the Euro and maintain their own currency. Most countries agree that the renewal of the economic growth is vital in saving the Euro (Pettinger, 2012; Pg. 68). The obstacle is that the effects of steps such as having a banking union, the recently agreed rescue plan may have positive effects to the banking system but may not have any effect to raise the competitiveness in the region’s economies. The second option was inflation, where the country should try to boost

Do violent video games cause behaviour problems Essay

Do violent video games cause behaviour problems - Essay Example Kids, teens and adults all play these games and enjoy to the hilt, but various studies have shown that such violent game play affects the human mind rather severely. Teens suffering from various peer problems take out their frustration over these games and become more and more holed up by being in front of their computers or Playstation the whole day. Although video games are a great and innovative invention, every technology has its positive and negative aspects. Parents should guide their children in the correct manner to help them stay unaffected by the fictional world they are shown in these games. Also, the game makers at large should also keep in mind the dire aspects of their games and try and mellow them down a bit. As so many youngsters swear by such video games, they are a great way of teaching them so many useful things by developing games with a more practical storyline, and which involve something much more than just people blowing their heads

Service learning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Service learning - Essay Example Someone has to do those kinds of jobs that no one wants to do but must by done by someone in order for the mosque to remain presentable. What kept me going was the thought that I was not doing this for myself, but for the worshippers who frequent the mosque. I might not have received any recognition for it, but I can still be pleased by the contribution that I made. The final task that I did was really pleasing because I was able to make a noticeable different in the lives of young kids. I gave a presentation to these kids on how to overcome culture shock. Many of these kids have never really mixed with people of other cultures, so they really learned something by what I had to say. I was able to tell them of my own experiences as an international student trying to adapt to a different environment and also the challenges that I faced along the way. I could really tell that I made an impact on some of those kids because I could see it in their faces. They asked many questions about wh at it was like to move overseas, and I was able to answer their questions based on my own personal experiences. 2. The main thing that I learned was that I could receive great satisfaction from being able to serve others. I am not usually the servant type, but I now realize just how much it can mean to a person to have a task performed for them. Being able to do that for someone else gave me joy and I realize that I need to be able to serve others in everyday normal life too. The biggest thing that I got out of this service learning process was that there are some things in life that are beyond measure. Serving others is one of the greatest gifts that we can give another person, and this was something that I did not think about before. My whole attitude and outlook on life has changed considerably because I what I have experienced during my time serving at the mosque. If I could do it all again, then I would not hesitate to do

Cost Accounting Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cost Accounting - Case Study Example Thus for a manager, who has an authoritative style of leadership like the said CEO, could get things even without consulting managers or employees who can can readily agree. However, the budgeting process should theoretically and practically require participation from middle and even lower managers to be effective. Managers may not just be working for their pay. They are also human beings who would prefer that their contribution to the organization should also be recognized and valued by management by making them part of the decision-making process. Although a chief executive officer must plan, organize and controls activities, at the same time he must also lead people in the organization toward attainment of objectives. As manager, he influences his subordinates, who cannot be presumed to lack creativity. Subordinates or followers may even contribute for the improvement of the plan because at the planning stage the CEO can sense possible problems that they have and strategies on how to counter them can become material part of the budget process. A typical organization has functional areas or departments with conflicting interests and priorities as the process essentially requires making an optimum use of the limited resources. The budget process entails managers to use resources which are tied with activities and that are needed to attain set objectives. If the middle and lower managers are not consulted in budget process, they would most probably not support fully the goals per budget as set by the CEO. It must be noted that a good CEO is good delegator (ZweigWhite ,2010) and this is the essence of an organization person. Setting the goals and just telling his subordinates to strive for their attainment would be an act of lack of trust to his lower managers. If the said CEO realizes that his people would prefer to decide with him, working with the

Eliade Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Eliade - Assignment Example This hierophany can be witnessed in the Jesus Christ himself who is a personification of God himself. According to him the sacred only reveals himself to the reality of holy and not that of natural reality. Eliade clearly distinguishes between an objects physical attributes and sacred attributes. He states that the sacred nature of objects is not to be counted as a physical attribute but rather a sacred attribute which he pronounces to be ganz andere. He tells about the sacred as something which is developing world order and is religious. He tells about nature as something which is conforming to the modes of sacredness. He differentiates between sacred and profane on the basis of the followers of both the existence. Individuals who believe in profane rely on natural realities rather than on sacredness and power is perceived by them as something which is eternal. In other words these followers are deviating from the role of existence in this world. Eliade describes the primitive race to be belonging to this world with natural realities and who deny their moral rights. These followers do not have a moral right to existence in this world as put by Eliade. He further concludes that profane and sacred are two different modes of existence in this world. 3. Mircea Eliade calls humankind â€Å"homo religious.† By homo religious Eliade is trying to tell that people in this world who follow this form believe in one religion and one god irrespective of their beliefs in profane or sacred. This is the very reason that Eliade distinguishes between the two forms of existence i.e. profane and sacred. 4. (a.) Desacralized cosmos† is used by the author to tell about the myth of the end of this world and existence. It is believed by him that this end would be marked by the hatred for profane and the eternal return of sacred to this world. (b.) â€Å"homogeneity of space† the author uses this term to signify

Cost Accounting Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cost Accounting - Case Study Example Thus for a manager, who has an authoritative style of leadership like the said CEO, could get things even without consulting managers or employees who can can readily agree. However, the budgeting process should theoretically and practically require participation from middle and even lower managers to be effective. Managers may not just be working for their pay. They are also human beings who would prefer that their contribution to the organization should also be recognized and valued by management by making them part of the decision-making process. Although a chief executive officer must plan, organize and controls activities, at the same time he must also lead people in the organization toward attainment of objectives. As manager, he influences his subordinates, who cannot be presumed to lack creativity. Subordinates or followers may even contribute for the improvement of the plan because at the planning stage the CEO can sense possible problems that they have and strategies on how to counter them can become material part of the budget process. A typical organization has functional areas or departments with conflicting interests and priorities as the process essentially requires making an optimum use of the limited resources. The budget process entails managers to use resources which are tied with activities and that are needed to attain set objectives. If the middle and lower managers are not consulted in budget process, they would most probably not support fully the goals per budget as set by the CEO. It must be noted that a good CEO is good delegator (ZweigWhite ,2010) and this is the essence of an organization person. Setting the goals and just telling his subordinates to strive for their attainment would be an act of lack of trust to his lower managers. If the said CEO realizes that his people would prefer to decide with him, working with the

Australian Carbon Policies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Australian Carbon Policies - Essay Example It supports a reporting system on carbon emissions and is the most conspicuous regulation of carbon emissions in use to date. The Australian parliament did introduce a system for controlling the renewal of energy by passing the amendment on the energy targets. It provides that renewable sources of energy will produce approximately 20% of the nation’s electric power by the year 2020 (McKinsey, 2007). 1.1 The Current Legislation for Reporting Carbon Emission Data Since the beginning of the month of July in the year 2008, the Australian government did require that organizations provide precise information about their greenhouse emissions (Unerman, 2007). The state’s legislative body did pass a law for regulating the reporting of emissions from greenhouses under the 2007 act on National Greenhouse reports. The administrators of this piece of legislation are the climate change department. The challenges coming from greenhouse emissions are under the regulation of the Water, Environment, Heritage and Arts division of the government (McKinsey, 2007). The government and various industries across the nation did take a deliberate initiative to regulate the number of emissions through the Greenhouse challenge plus scheme. ... This tax is payable by the large companies that are responsible for the emissions in the environment. It suggests that companies producing more than twenty five thousand tons of carbon should pay a total of twenty three dollars for each ton they produce. The tax proposal has the purpose of providing effectiveness in reducing the costs that the regime incurs in fight against greenhouse emissions (Schaltegger, Burritt and Petersen, 2008). These taxes do assist the administration in collecting information about the major emitters who do not pay up for their mistakes. The finances that come from this tax are usually put to the use of improving public institutions such as hospitals. This proposal does assist the administration in knowing the big carbon emitters within their economies. It also helps the leaders in knowing the amount of carbon emissions in their environment (Gray, 2000). 1.3 The Relationship between the Current and Proposed Carbon Policies and Environmental Management Accou nting. The use of environmental management accounting involves the application of the regular methods of identification, analyzing, managing and reduction of costs. This is done in ways that will benefit both the companies and their surroundings. This form of accounting is useful in identifying the matters affecting the implementation of the policies which aim at reducing the amounts of carbon emissions. These matters include the health crisis and safety problems that arise as a result of the emissions and the ignorance of the companies to the legislation (Gray, 2000).  

Elizabeth Barrett Browning and Emily Dickinson Essay Example for Free

Elizabeth Barrett Browning and Emily Dickinson Essay The lives and works of Elizabeth Barrett Browning and Emily Dickinson may be different in many ways, but there are existential treads that bind these two people together by similarities. Elizabeth Browning became famous while she was alive and was very influential opposed to Emily Dickinson who became famous for her poems after she died. In the eighteenth century two of the finest poets; Elizabeth Barrett Browning and Emily Dickinson are two people who are close in certain aspects but completely different individuals. Thus, looking deeper into each individual’s lives and works will give us a better perception on these two poets. The Victorian poet â€Å"Elizabeth Barrett Browning was born in 1806, March 6th Durham, England, and was the oldest child out of twelve children† (â€Å"Elizabeth Barrett Browning†). â€Å"Elizabeth’s father, Edward Barrett, was a businessman who was very wealthy from many sugar plantations in Jamaica† (â€Å"Elizabeth Barrett Browning†). As a child, Elizabeth wrote her first earliest known poem for her mother’s birthday and for her fifteenth birthday; her father had one of her poems privately printed. This poem was â€Å"The Battle of Marathon† (â€Å"Elizabeth Barrett Browning†). â€Å"Elizabeth experienced her first sorrow in 1828 when her mother Mary suddenly died† (â€Å"Elizabeth Barrett Browning†). â€Å"By the time Elizabeth had moved to London, her health was poor and she suffered from a spinal injury and shown signs of a lung condition but was never diagnosed† (â€Å"Elizabeth Barrett Browning†). However in these conditions Elizabeth never seemed to give up her love for poetry. Shortly after Elizabeth’s brother, Edward, drowned in a boating accident on his way back to London (â€Å"Elizabeth Barrett Browning†). â€Å"Feeling responsible for his death, Elizabeth became a recluse and practically an invalid rarely leaving her room† (â€Å"Elizabeth Barrett Browning†). This characteristic made Elizabeth similar to Emily Dickinson in the way that they are both easily affected by a tragic incident in their lives, resulting in the act of isolating themselves from others. â€Å"Elizabeth’s work brought her the man that would eventually woo, win, and marry her: Robert Browning† (â€Å"Elizabeth Barrett Browning†). â€Å"Robert became so impressed with Elizabeth’s work that he wrote to her and over the course of the next few months, he and Elizabeth wrote to each other almost every day until they finally met on May 20, 1845, where they discovered that they were already in love† (â€Å"Elizabeth Barrett Browning†). â€Å"More letters (over 500 in all) and visits continued until the two were secretly married on September 12, 1846† (â€Å"Elizabeth Barrett Browning†). â€Å"The newlyweds fled to Florence, her father never forgave her, and she found herself disinherited. She and her father never reconciled† (â€Å"Elizabeth Barrett Browning†). Elizabeth and Robert remained in Italy for the remainder of their lives and had a baby boy, Penini in 1849 (â€Å"Elizabeth Barrett Browning†). In 1850, Elizabeth’s â€Å"Sonnets from the Portuguese† were published. â€Å"Although they had been written as a private gift to Robert, her husband was so moved by the forty-four sonnets the he felt they should not be hidden from the world and published them, making the collection stand as her greatest well-known achievement† (â€Å"Elizabeth Barrett Browning†). Elizabeth died on June, 29, 1861, and was buried in Florence (â€Å"Elizabeth Barrett Browning†). Likewise, Emily Dickinson’s writing was similar to Browning in the way that she crafted a new type of first person persona (Wider). â€Å"Like the speakers in Browning’s works, Dickinson’s are sharp-sighted observers who see the inescapable limitations of their societies as well as their imagined and imaginable escapes† (Wider). â€Å"In 1890, four years after Dickinson’s death, the first volume of her poetry appeared† (Wider). â€Å"Emily Dickinson was born on December 10, 1830 in Amherst, Massachusetts† (Wider). â€Å"Emily’s father at the time of her birth was an ambitious young lawyer, and was educated at Amherst and Yale. He returned to his hometown and joined the ailing law practice of his father, Samuel Fowler Dickinson† (Wider). â€Å"Edward joined his father in the family home, built by Samuel in 1813† (Wider). â€Å"Active in the Whig Party, Edward was elected to the Massachusetts Start Legislature (1837-1839) and the Massachusetts State Senate (1842-1843)† (Wider). â€Å"Little was known of Emily’s mother† (Wider). â€Å"She often represented as a passive wife of a domineering husband† (Wider). â€Å"Emily wasn’t the only child of Edward and Emily Dickinson; she also had a brother William Austin Dickinson and a sister Livinia Norcross Dickinson† (Wider). â€Å"All three children attended the one-room primary school in Amherst and then moved on to Amherst Academy, the school out of which Amherst College had grown† (Wider). Futhermore, â€Å"Elizabeth Barrett Browning was the most respected woman poet of the Victorian age† (Burlinson). â€Å"By 1900, she was better known as the heroine of a turbulent love story than as a prolific and successful writer† (Burlinson). â€Å"Browning was an experimental writer who felt sufficiently comfortable working within poetic convention to disrupt and revise it to her own ends† (Burlinson). â€Å"Elizabeth was known for writing sonnets, allegories, ballads, political odes, love poems, occasional verses, poetic dramas, and an epic, as well as essays in literary criticism and a translation of Aeschylus† (Burlinson). Her greatest poetic success was in the sonnets from the Portuguese as stated above in Elizabeth’s biography. Elizabeth poured all her profound thoughts into these sonnets and yet the exquisiteness if the mould has compelled a rigorous pruning alike of superabundant imagery, which has had the happiest affect (Arnold). â€Å"One of her best known poems from 1850 is â€Å"The Runaway Slave at Pilgrim’s Point,† an impassioned protest against slavery in which a black woman; the rape victim of her white master, murders her child† (Burlinson). â€Å"The rage and grief of the woman chillingly conveyed in the first-person narrative† (Burlinson). Elizabeth held a deep belief that poetry could change attitudes toward the world, and indeed it did. â€Å"Her poem â€Å"The Cry of the Children† caused a sensational reaction that caused public reform in a protest against the working conditions of children† (Burlinson). â€Å"In fact, Elizabeth is one of the greatest sonnet writers in our language, and she is worthy enough to be ranked side by side with Milton and Wordsworth† (Arnold). Elizabeth has managed to touch all the chief human relationships and when she touched them, it was always in a noble manner and severe simplicity which is greatly preferred to be her most luscious and copious versification (Arnold). Unlike Elizabeth, Emily seemed to be more reclusive with her life and at a young age Emily went into seclusion, resulting in her not socially maturing. Emily also avoided doing routine house work or other normal daily activities because she like being alone to dream and use her imagination (Southworth). Many readers believe that by shunning the realities of everyday life, Emily was able to find the greater reality in the realm of imagination (Southworth). Despite being lonely and frustrated she never out grew adolescence and this seemed to show in her poetry (Southworth). Her writings showed that she was not capable of grasping the joy of reality and that she really didn’t have a true understanding of life challenges (Southworth). Like Elizabeth, â€Å"Emily’s poems were meant to be and experience, to render experiences as well as refer to it† (Ryan). â€Å"For Emily the living presence is the poem itself. If it is not intermediately between the poet and the reader, it is the thing alive the reader experiences† (Ryan). â€Å"Dickinson was a master at grammar, rhythm, rhetoric, and narrative. A master of the inextricable, intricate, intimate and constantly shifting, interrelationship’s among them† (Ryan). â€Å"Emily Dickinson wrote nearly 1800 poems, but only seven were published in her lifetime. When the first posthumous collection of her work appeared in 1890, she was regarded as an interesting but idiosyncratic minor poet. As the twentieth century has progressed, however, her poetic achievement has won interesting recognition† (Tredell). â€Å"Dickinson nonetheless engages in an original and vibrant way with love, eroticism, nature, death, immortality and eternity. Her work is notable for its power and compression and complexity, its precise and startling phrasing, its inventiveness of rhythm and rhyme, and the exploratory daring which belies its apparent decorum† (Tredell). Emily said to Higginson that poetry is something that makes the body feel so cold that no fire could warm it, that if the reader physically feels as if the top of their head were taken off that its poetry. She claims that this is the only way she knows its poetry (Ryan). Elizabeth Barrett Browning’s poem â€Å"The Cry of the Children† is about child labor. In this poem Elizabeth is trying to show us how the children feel about working and how it makes them sad and exhausted. They suffer as they work with trembling knees and heavy eyelids. The children are demanded to keep working no matter how tired and weak they are. I know that this is the theme because the speaker says â€Å"Do ye hear the children weeping,† (â€Å"The Cry of the Children†). This means that the children were weeping in sorrow because in the playtime of others they are working. Another detail that supports my idea for the theme is the lines â€Å"For oh, say the children, we are weary, / and we cannot run or leap;† (â€Å"The Cry of the Children†). This detail shows that the children are suffering that they are tired and weak. When Elizabeth describes how the children look she is using imagery by saying, â€Å"we are weary, / and we cannot run or leap; / if we cared for any meadows, it were merely / to drop down in them and sleep. / our knees tremble sorely in the stooping, / we fall upon our faces, trying to go; / and, underneath our heavy eyelids drooping, / the reddest flower would look as pale as snow† (â€Å"The Cry of the Children†). This connotation is showing how the children are looking and feeling this verse is not only using imagery but it also uses a simile to show how the children’s eyes are so tired and heavy that the reddest flower would look as pale as snow for them. Emily Dickinson’s poem â€Å"Heart, we will forget him† talks about how Emily is trying to forget the man that hurt her and her heart. In the poem Emily is instructing her heart â€Å"to forget the warmth† and that she will forget â€Å"the light†. â€Å"But Emily is scared that if her heart takes too long to forget, then it will give her time to remember, thus causing her to not be able to carry out her self-given assignment† (â€Å"Heart, we will forget him†). I know that the theme of the poem is getting over someone you love by the line â€Å"Heart, we will forget him† (â€Å"Heart, we will forget him†). This line is referring to Emily’s heart trying to forget the man that hurt both her and her heart. Another detail supporting my thought for the theme is the line â€Å"you may forget the warmth he gave / I will forget the light† (â€Å"Heart, we will forget him†). This line is trying to demonstrate that the heart is trying to forget the warmth that the man gave it and that Emily will try to forget the light he brought to her world. In this poem Emily tells the heart what do to by commands making the hearts seem as if it can act, think and follow orders like a brain. By making the heart have a human characteristic Emily is using the literary device personification. Emily also uses a literary device called tautology which is use when there is a repetition of words, and in the first stanza of â€Å"Heart, we will forget him† Emily uses the word forget three times to emphases that she and her heart will forget the one that broke them. Elizabeth Barrett Browning and Emily Dickinson were two poets that works were very similar in structure despite being born in different ears. The two poets depicted similar first person’s personas in their writings and became famous for it. Although Elizabeth became famous while she was alive, Emily Dickinson did not. Each poet however had their work published and found by someone else. Elizabeth’s husband was the person who made her forty-four sonnets one of her well-known achievements and for Emily her sister Livinia was the founder of many poems left from her death. By comparing the works and lives of Elizabeth Barrett Browning and Emily Dickinson, we can conclude that the inner life of an artist has more impact on their literary output than the external factors that shaped their lives. Works Cited Arnold, William T. â€Å"Elizabeth Barrett Browning (1806-1861).† The English Poets: The Nineteenth Century, Wordswort to Rossetti. Ed. Thomas Humphry Ward. Vol. 4. Macmillan and Co., 1893. 562-567. Rpt. in Nineteenth-Century Literature Criticism. Ed. Laurie Lanzen Harris. Vol. 1. Detroit: Gale Research, 1981. Literature Resource Center. Web. 15 Dec. 2011. Burlinson, Kathryn. â€Å"Elizabeth Barrett Browning: Overview.† Reference Guide to English Literature. Ed. D. L. Kirkpatrick. 2nd ed. Chicago: St. James Press, 1991. Literature Resource Center. Web. 11 Dec. 2011. â€Å"Elizabeth Barrett Browning.† LitFinder Contemporary Collection. Detroit: Gale, 2007. LitFinder. Wed. 6 Dec. 2011. Ryan, Michael (American College Teacher). â€Å"Dickinson’s Stories.† The American Poetry Review Mar.-Apr. 2009: 5+. Literature Resource Center. Web. 15 Dec. 2011. Southworth, James Granville. â€Å"Emily Dickinson.† Some Modern American Poets. James Granville Southworth. Blackwell, 1950. 14. LitFinder. Web. 11 Dec. 2011. Tredell, Nicholas. â€Å"Emily Dickinson: Overview.† Gay and Lesbian Biography. Ed. Michael J. Tyrkus and Michael Bronski. Detroit: St. James Press, 1997. Literature Resources from Gale. Web. 28 Jan. 2012. Wider, Sarah Ann. â€Å"Emily (Elizabeth) Dickinson.† The American Renaissance in New England: Fourth Series. Ed. Wesley T. Mott. Detroit: Gale Group, 2001. Dictionary of Literary Biography Vol. 243. Literature Resource Center. Web. 11 Dec. 2011.

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in the Mauritius

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in the Mauritius CSR is not so new in the history of Mauritius. A Mauritian companys engagement in CSR initiatives dates back to 20 years ago, which took place at varying points in time.  Some 25% of companies had recently engaged in CSR activities since less than 4 years only, thus confirming the belief that CSR is an emerging trend in Mauritius. Legal Requirements for CSR The Minister of Finance has established a legal policy in its 2007 financial budget that all registered companies would have to contribute a certain percentage of their book profit towards programmes, as approved by the Government of Mauritius, that contribute to the social and environmental development of the country. However, not all the firms were fully adhering to adopt this good corporate citizenship where one of the reasons for such non-compliance was that charitable donations were no longer tax deductible, thus, discouraging philanthropy by businesses and individuals. Also, there was a relatively low level of sophistication of Mauritian society in terms of demanding such good corporate practice. Seemingly, recognising the poor level of corporate citizenship in Mauritius, in July 2009, the Ministry of Finance introduced the CSR Fund whereby companies need to mandatorily contribute 2% of their PAT (Profit after Tax) to the mentioned fund. All companies need necessarily report their CSR contribution to the Mauritius Revenue Authority (MRA) at the time of submitting their Tax Returns. The companies have one year after the close of their financial accounts to fulfil this legal obligation pursuant to Section 50K and 50L of Income Tax Act. Companies, which fail to abide by this obligation, are required to remit any amount unspent to the MRA.   In compliance with prevailing legislation, the CSR Fund is used to finance CSR activities such as: An overwhelming majority of organisations indulge in philanthropy by engaging in 3 major areas, namely, health and safety, education and community (including sports) whilst other companies prefer to sponsor educational and sports activities. Reasons behind CSR The specific objectives for firms to engage in CSR activities are: Interestingly, it is noted that nearly 50% of firms in Mauritius partner up with other organisations, such as NGOs in their CSR activities on a long-term or short-term basis while the others indulge in one-off partnerships. It is also noticed that almost all companies that partner with NGOs have reported satisfaction with such partnerships. Initially, engagement in CSR activities by most organisations was mainly image building vis-à  -vis their internal and external community. Increasingly, internal and external stakeholders all expect business organisations to do more than making profit. Nowadays, Society expects organisations to go beyond mere compliance with law and regulations. Business is expected to recognise and respect new or evolving ethical norms being institutionalised in society (Carroll, 1999). Thus, this is why multinationals engage in CSR not only to enhance their image but also because they have to abide by their global policy. Hence, the minister stressed that the levies should not be perceived as a tax on efficiency. They are instead a gesture of compassion and solidarity with those who cannot help themselves and with those who will have no means of livelihood if they lose their jobs. CSR and Corporate Governance CSR and Corporate Governance are collectively shaping the identity of organisations and are thus increasingly integrated into the business strategy of successful corporations. Subsequently, the field of responsible business strategy and practice is becoming one of the most dynamic and challenging subjects corporate leaders are facing today and possibly one of the most important ones for shaping the future of our world. Firms in the private sector in Mauritius as well as across the world do acknowledge that they have to balance, if not reconcile, their obligations to shareholders with explicit contributions to the external community. However, the way they contribute can differ considerably. Different firms reveal their contents of their strategy according to the different stages of awareness of and work on CSR they are. While some may agree on a minimum necessary stance to CSR involvement, others may adopt strategic ventures into particular areas to show their contribution to the investment and social communities. To maintain uniformity, the way the companies should disclose their CSR involvement and compliance to law is laid out in the codes of ethics, codes of conduct and codes of corporate governance of the companies corporate ethics. These codes essentially and principally establish and put forward clear norms for corporate behaviour to be observed by each director and employee; set the rules for outlining the responsibilities of or proper practices for all in the organisation; and shape organisational behaviour towards employees and society at large. Corporate governance hence mainstreams social and environment responsibility of corporations and brings awareness that firms off balance sheet environmental and social impacts can have tangible financial consequences. According to the economist and noble laureate Milton Friedman, Corporate Governance is to conduct the business in accordance with owner or shareholders desires, which generally will be to make as much money as possible, while conforming to the basic rules of the society embodied in law and local customs. Nevertheless, nowadays this definition has been extended to include the interests of not only the shareholders but also of many stakeholders. There are many regulatory efforts put to identify and codify good governance practices to map out the social and environmental, non-financial boundaries among the different participants in the corporation itself and other stakeholders. To promote corporate fairness, transparency and accountability, the law of Mauritius has provided for the Code of Corporate Governance under Section VII of the Integrated Sustainability Reporting to converge the interests of individuals, corporations and society as nearly as possible through maintaining a balance between economic and social goals as pursued by Sir Adrian Cadburys definition of Corporate Governance. Also, Section 75 of the Financial Reporting Act (2004)  [1]  requires listed companies to present a corporate governance section in the annual report. While CSR aims at extending the legal requirements promoting ethics, philanthropy and social reporting to satisfy stakeholder concerns, Corporate Governance sets the legal framework to protect a companys shareholders, management, board and other stakeholders; the relative emphasis being dependent on national approaches. Effective corporate governance practices are essential to achieving and maintaining high levels of public trust and confidence in the company. Recent surveys concerning CSR in Mauritius have revealed that the large organisations have a fair code of conduct/ethics/corporate governance showing their positive attitude and acceptance of the existing codes of adopting good CSR practices. Though some firms do not hold a formal approach to CSR, they do derive significant benefits in some way by, for instance, adopting good people management practices in terms of staff morale, productivity and employee retention. According to the report reviewing CSR in Mauritius by Deloitte (2008), despite the fact that Mauritian organisations have been involved in one way or the other in CSR undertakings, Mauritius still lags behind the western countries when it comes to CSR being integrated in organisational strategy, structure and operations. Issues like as lack of information on CSR areas, absence of proper partnership, lack of audit after implementation and lack of coordination are deemed to hinder the organisations in their CSR actions. Nonetheless, there is always room for improvement to settle this practice among the local and multinational companies in Mauritius.

Family Violence :: Domestic Violence Essays

Domestic abuse and child abuse have widespread social and emotional costs. Family violence affects all segments of the family. The impact of violence on childrens' lives appears to be far more substantial than the impact on adults lives(Family, Pg. 1). In most cases of family violence the family has conformed to a pattern in which the line of family violence started generations ago. This pattern must be broken before more children growup and live in a family that resorts to violence. But there are also children who live in loving families who do not resort to violence and as these children mature they start resorting to violence to help solve and deal with their problems. Studies show that physical punishment could cause aggression in children, but other studies show that even abusive parental violence does not always lead to an increase in children's aggression. Only by recognizing and addressing the multifactorial roots of violence in our society can we move closer to livi ng in peace. Violence within families often reflects behaviours learned by children from their parents. A theory is that violent behaviour is passed down from generation to generation through families (Cole & Flanagin, Pg. 2). The majority of Americans are subjected to corporal punishment at one point or another during their lifetime(Kandel, Pg. 4). Surveys suggested that almost all American parents used physical punishment at one point or another and the punishment was regared as an appropriate child rearing technique. Another survey also suggested that some psychologists belive physical punishment to be an effective and useful socialization tool(Kandel, Pg. 2). Aggression is commonly conceived as existing on a continuum, ranging from very severe parental aggression to much milder and normal parental aggression, such as use of corporal or physical punishment(Kandel, Pg. 1). A common concern is that parental use of physical punishment will lead to aggressive behaviour in children. There are three types of relationships between parents and their children, the first is a positive, linear one: some researchers have contended that any parental aggression may be positive and casually related to the development of antisocial aggression, the second group suggested that lack of physical punishment may contribute casually to the development of aggression and in the third group there was either too little or too much physical punishment that may increase the probability of aggressive behaviour in

Introduction to Сommunication in Health and Social Care

Identify different reasons why people communicatePeople communicate for different reasons. To portray their feelings, opinions, emotions, pain. To express needs, share ideas and information People can communicate verbally by talking or writing. Or even by body language / sign language. Communications can be used to bring out changes in attitudes, motivate people and to create and maintain relationships. Communication is vital for providing and seeking information, and it is also crucial for developing positive relationships with people. Communication is important to understand and be understoodExplain how affective communication affects all aspects of own workEffective communication is important as it ensures that information is clear, accurate, non-judgemental and informative. This helps to reduce the possibility of mistakes being made. It ensures appropriate care service delivery. It is important to communicate with your colleagues, so that all targets and outcomes are met.Effectiv e communication is important so that yourself and the service user fully understand eachother. This includes using words, feedback, action, body language and gestures. With effective communication service users and family will enjoy the services provided.Explain why it is important to observe an individual reactions when communicating with themAll communication has an effect on the person that you are communicating with. Interactions a two way process, it is important to watch the effects so that any problems can be identified and dealt with. In order to be effective in care and supporting service users you have to be a good communicator whether this is through speaking, body language, facial expressions or gestures.Sometimes you are able to communicate with others without having to use words. When communicating face to face the other person may not always indicate verbally that they understand, or if they agree. Observing body language is very important as it helps the speaker unde rstand if the other person agrees or understands etc.Find out an individual's communication and language needs, wishes and preferencesEffective communication happens when the right method is used to send a message so it can be received and understood. Care workers need to know about a range of communication methods. They should also be skilled at identifying the communication and language needs, wishes and preferences of the people with whom they work and interact. Service users can be people from a diverse range of backgrounds who will want to communicate in different ways. Finding out about each individual’s language needs, wishes and preferences is an important part of your role.You can do this by:Asking people whether they or their relatives have particular language or communication needs.Referring to the Service users Care PlanReading reports and notes about service users that provide information on speech and language issues, learning difficulties, disabilities e.g. (he aring or visual impairment) or physical conditions (e.g. stroke, cleft palate) that may affect their ability to communicate.Being aware that an individual’s culture, ethnicity and   nationality may affect their language preferences and needs.Observing the people who use your setting to see how they use their communication and language skills.Asking your supervisor/mentor, senior staff and specialist professionals such as speech and language therapists, occupational therapists and social workers for information, advice and support about how best to communicate with adults who have special communication needs.Show how and when to seek advice about communication.There may be situations in which you feel unsure about how you should  communicate with a service user or another person in your work setting. In some situations you will be aware that you are struggling to communicate effectively with somebody. In situations like these, you should seek advice and obtain support.You can do this by: talking to your supervisor, mentor or line manager about the difficulty, You can ask for their advice about how to deal with the problem, You can also speak with the communication or language support specialists (teachers, psychologists or speech and language therapists). Your goal is always to ensure that the messages you send can be received and understood. To achieve this you may sometimes need to change or adapt the form of communication that meets each individual’s needs, wishes and preferences.Identify  barriers to communicationTo identify the barriers to communication, the sender and receiver of the message need to consider several factors.Sensory DeprivationWhen someone speaks a different language or uses sign language, they may not be able to make any sense of information they are being given by someone trying to help them if that person does not speak their language.JargonWhen a service provider uses technical language the service user may not unde rstand. For example – The doctor may say that a patient needs bloods or an MRI scan. That can sound very frightening to someone who has been rushed into hospital. It is better if the doctor explains that they need to take some blood to do dome simple tests and then explains what an MRI scan is. Understanding the facts can make something seem less scary.SlangWhen a service user uses language that not everyone uses, such as saying they have a problem with their waterworks. This can mean their plumbing system. But also means a problem going to the toilet. Sometimes it may be appropriate to use slang with your peers, but whilst working with colleagues or service users you should avoid using any language that can be misunderstood, misinterpreted or may cause offence.Emotional difficultiesWe all have emotional difficulties at times and become upset, you might of split up with your boyfriend / girlfriend or had an argument, or you could have had some bad news. The effect can be not to hear or understand what people are saying to you. This can lead to misunderstandings.Health IssuesWhen you are feeling unwell, you may not be able to communicate as effectively as when you are feeling well. This can affect your colleagues and service users. Similarly, people who are being cared for in hospital because of an illness may not be able to communicate in their normal way. Some long term ‘chronic' illnesses such as Parkinson’s disease or multiple sclerosis also affect an individual’s ability to communicate and you need to be aware of this if you are working with these people.Environmental problemsWhen communication is affected by the environment that people find themselves in. For example – Someone who does not see very well will struggle to read written information in a dimly lit room. A person who is in a wheelchair may find it impossible to communicate with the receptionist at the dentist if the desk is too high and above the wheelchair use rs head. Identify sources of information and support or services to enable more effective communicationTranslation servicesThis service can help with changing the written text from language to another.Interpreting servicesThis service can help with converting spoken language to another language.Speech and language servicesSupport people who have had a stroke and have problems with their speech.Advocacy servicesThis service can support people who are unable to speak up for themselves. This service trys to understand the needs, wishes and preferences of people, and will argue on their behalf.Sometimes you will need to find specialist advice because a person’s communication needs are too complex for you to deal with alone. Someone who has an illness that affects their ability to produce sounds or control their neck and facial muscles may need to speak using a piece of assistive technology. For these type of issues, you will need the advice of a speech and language therapist who is an expe rt and will be able to advise on and kind of specialised communication needs.Explain the term confidentialityConfidentiality means not sharing information about individuals without their knowledge and agreement and ensuring that written and electronic information cannot be accessed or read by people who have no reason to see it. Confidentiality is important because: People may not trust a support worker who does not keep information confidential People may not feel valued or able to keep their self esteem if their private details are shared with others Peoples safety may be put at risk if details of their property and habits are shared publiclyA professional service that maintains respect for individuals must keep private information confidential. There are legal requirements under the data protection act 1998 to keep professional requirements laid down by the regulators that make it the duty of professionals to keep information confidential.Describe situations where information nor mally considered to be confidential might need to be passed on.Sometimes confidential information disclosed by a service user may need to be passed on to others if there is a risk of danger or harm to the service user or other people, if abuse is suspected, or if there is suspected misconduct of a colleague, in respect of care of a service user (whistle blowing) You must inform the service user why the information needs to be passed on to others, and that it is your responsibility to do so.Explain how and when to seek advice about confidentialityIt is very important as a care worker that you understand when to seek advice about confidentiality. Confidentiality is essential in care work to improve trust and working relationships between the service users and their carers. Certain information is however shared amongst teams if it is needed to effectively support service users and others involved in their care. Take for example when there is a prospect of danger or harm to the service user, staff or members of the public.Additionally if abuse is suspected within the home or seen anywhere or if there is a misconduct of a staff. It is the responsibility to the supervisors or the appropriate bodies to take appropriate actions. In most cases organisations have whistle blowing policies to guide and protect staff from victimisation after blowing the whistle and also to guide them on how to break confidentiality.

What Russia completely backwards as a Country

Was Russia a backwards country? Many things held Russia behind as a country compared to the other great powers Like Britain, France and Germany. One thing that held the country back was Serfdom. Russian's population as made up from 80% Serfs and the majority of Serfs owned no land. Serfs produced little export because the food that they harvested was Just enough to feed them and their families. This held the country back because little Income was coming into the country to fund an Industrial revolution.By 1855 only Russia out of the great powers still had serfs. Serfs were also made to live In Emir's which again hindered the country and the Industrial revolution because less people traveled to the big cities to become workers In the factories because serfs had to ask permission from the elders to leave the Emir's. Russia was behind in the Industrial revolution compared to the other great powers of Europe like Britain who started there industrial revolution by the end of the 18th cent ury.Another thing that held Russia back was Autocratic state. The Tsar was in complete control of Russia and had no one to answer to when making his decisions on what happened with his country. The country had no real parliament as only one was ever formed by Alex II but was then removed by his son Alex Ill after his assassination. This was unlike Britain and France who were ruled by the government at this time. However Russia was much like Germany at this time which was ruled by a Kaiser Wilhelm II.Since Russia had no real parliament Russia was stuck with the conservative ideas of Tsar and his ministers. There are however reasons to suggest the Russia wasn't completely backwards as a country. Alexander II did make reforms for example the emancipation f the serfs and the setting up of Russian's very first government, even though this government was very limited to only the rich and educated men it was a step in the right direction for Russia.Russia also had the Trans-Siberian railwa y which the country was very proud of, which suggests that the country was advancing. However It was still behind countries like Britain which had Railway systems since Manama years before the railway was extended In the sass In Russia. The size of the Russia empire also suggests the advancement of Russia as Russia was able to keep the arrest continuous land empire In the world covering a sixth of the world's surface.Russia during the end of the 19th century and to the beginning of the 20th century as a country was clearly advancing with the extension of the railway and the attempt at reform however the country could not advance quick enough to match that of Brutal and France due to the conservative attitude of the autocratic leaders of Russia Itself. What Russia completely backwards as a Country 1881? By Astrologically like Britain, France and Germany. One thing that held the country back was Serfdom. Income was coming into the country to fund an industrial revolution.By 1855 only Russia out of the great powers still had serfs. Serfs were also made to live in Emir's which again hindered the country and the industrial revolution because less people traveled to the big cities to become workers in the factories because serfs had to ask it was still behind countries like Britain which had Railway systems since Manama years before the railway was extended in the sass in Russia. The size of the Russia largest continuous land empire in the world covering a sixth of the world's surface. Britain and France due to the conservative attitude of the autocratic leaders of Russia itself.

Research Aims and Objectives

The following research for consumer preference regarding the choice for a particular Bank in the United Kingdom is done with the aim to analyze the consumer mindset and preference when they make a choice for something so essential like a Bank to whom they handover their hard earned money to. The aim of the research is to determine what consumers want and what the usually preferable features in the Bank are. In order to do so, a sample of the population would be analyzed who would be representing the entire population.The objective of this particular research to identify the consumer demands and their preferable features would be the understanding of consumer psyche in order to be in a better position to be able to provide them with what they require. However, this would be the prime objective but the secondary objectives would be to discover the hidden factors that mostly people tend to forget while devising a Bank or its strategies. This research would also enable the person formula ting the strategy to have an insight to what consumer wants and requires of their efforts and endeavors.Apart from that, it is essential to conduct a research for what consumer wants rather than assuming their requirements and demands. This research would enable to actually find out that which strategies are to be continued by the Bank in the future while which strategies are meant for amendments or complete eradication. Not only banks, but any products or services that are highly dependent on consumer demand and preferences need to analyze their demands and choices before entering in the area to serve them.Hence, the primary Aim of the research is to determine the expectations and requirements of a customer from the place it entrusts its finances into. The objective is to make use of the research and make the result of the research the motive of existence. Rationale of the Research The rationale or the purpose of the research is to make sure that the consumers are receiving what th ey expect and require of the Banking services. It is to ensure that the current strategies adopted by the Banks in United Kingdom are appropriate or not. There are many sectors in which the Banking Industry of the United Kingdom is divided.The purpose of the research is to analyze the different customer present in each sector and the reason of their preference for a particular sector. The sectors for Banking Industry are Independent British Banks, British Banking Brands owned by British Companies, British Banking Brands owned by Foreign Companies, Foreign Banks in the United Kingdom and External Links. The Independent Banks in United Kingdom include HSBC, Royal Bank of Scotland, Barclays Bank, HBOS, Lloyds TSB, Standard Chartered, Alliance and Leicester, Northern Rock, Cooperative Bank and Bradford and Bingley.The amount of independent Banks is few in the United Kingdom as compared to other countries. The research would also enable us to understand as to whether consumers want more independent banks or not. Quite a lot of foreign banks are present in the United Kingdom as well which are ING Direct, Citibank and Bank of Cyprus. This research would also enable in understanding the reason of the presence of such humungous amount of foreign banks in the country.In London, there is an investment and commercial branch of almost every big Bank in the world. Hence, the purpose along with determining the consumer preference and demand is to determine the purpose of the existence of different sectors and the consumer’s take on these different sectors. The research conducted would help in dividing the preference according to the sector under review which would make it easier for the Banks in different sectors to extract knowledge of their requirement. Theoretical UnderpinningSeveral theories were evaluated to determine which would be best to analyze consumer behavior and their reason to choose a particular Bank for their transactions and activities. The major cate gory which it was divided into was ‘Qualitative research’ as it had to do with consumer preferences and hence could not be quantified into any numbers. It would deal with qualitative data like questionnaires, Focus Group and In-depth Interviews. However under Qualitative research is further divided into three more types which include Positivists, Interpretive and Critical.The positivists takes the society at its face value and assumes that everything portrayed is for real and true, the interpretive assumes that the situation changes and so does human behavior as per the situation while on the contrary the critical approach takes a critical perspective on the society and everything present in the social reality is historically present and created by human minds so nothing is for real but a creation of people’s mind. The method that would be taken use of in this research would be the ‘Interpretive Research’ because it takes the most reasonable and rati onal approach to the data available in the social reality.As the primary data collected in a qualitative research is highly subject to personal views, therefore it is very important to take a rational approach on the analysis of data and its interpretation. For this kind of research theory, the most important aspect is the interpretation of the collected data as it is difficult to analyze the in-depth interviews and focus groups because of the presence of no right and wrong in the approach as it is highly dependent on human views and method of interpretation. Hence, the theoretical approach used is ‘Interpretive Qualitative Research Methodology’.Methodology Research Approach The research would be highly dependent on the data collected via primary as well as secondary sources. Since, the entire research is to determine human psyche and preferences therefore nothing can be assumed and neither is anything pre-determined. The data however would be achieved through primary s ources via Focus Groups, In-depth Interviews, Questionnaire and Surveys as well secondary sources such as Internet sources, Journals, Articles, Past Researches, Magazines, and Books etc.The theory that is used as a methodology is as defined the Qualitative Interpretive method as the data received would be either the feedback from the customers or the secondary published resources. The data interpretation is where the methodology or the theory of the research would be utilized. The focus groups would be analyzed based on people’s verbal reactions as well as their attitude and gestures and so will be the In-depth interview which would be a one-to-one interaction with the consumer. However, the answers of the questionnaire would have to be quantified and displayed via graph to display the inclination of the answers.The research methodology used would be ‘Relational’, this is because one factor of the research would be analyzed as to whether it depends on the other o r not. For example, if consumers prefer on-the-go Automated Teller Machine (ATM) Service then is it because of the low savings and high expenditures of the people in the United Kingdom. The relational approach would also help in analyzing and explaining the reason of several factors and demands by the target consumers of the Banks in the United Kingdom.It would be helpful in explaining a lot of consumer preferences and would be better in understanding the logic behind the Human Psyche. Research Strategy The research strategy has several steps which are being followed in the conducted research. It started of with defining a title for the research which was finalized to be stated as ‘How the people choose in U. K which bank to patronize? ’ After that came the step to analyze the background data which would be partially collected via primary sources as well as secondary published sources.The primary sources as mentioned would be the Qualitative Research tools such as the F ocus Groups, Surveys and Interviews while the secondary sources would be the publishes material in the form of either past Researches in the relevant field, articles, journals or magazines. In order to get hold of the relevant sources several catalogs have been searches and the internet has been browsed in order to come up with as authentic and relevant material as possible. Even the internet sources that are being analyzed are the published authentic ones and not just the random material present.After the collection of data, it was critically analyzed to remove all loop holes from the procedures and find reliable material from which the research can take constructive help from in order to make it as productive as possible. The next step of defining the citation style has been done with utmost care keeping the professionalism and the research relevance in mind. Therefore, the citation style used in this research is Harvard style of referencing. The material used in the literature re view and the entire research would be cited in the Harvard style of citation and so would be the in-text citation.The Harvard style has a professional work procedure and cites the work in an appropriate manner for the reader to understand where the work is taken from and along with that helps in giving the original idea provider the due importance by mentioning and recognizing their efforts. The strategy adopted in the process of the research has to be clear and defined in order to follow a research process that has a vivid objective and is able to reach its motives effectively and efficiently. Primary Data and Secondary Data CollectionThe primary data will be collected with the qualitative tools such as the †¢ In-Depth Interview: The one-to-one interviews with the few selected customers who would be questioned in detail and would have the option of answering open ended in order to gather the most data possible and then extract the one relevant. Along with the information the i nterviewee would also be analyzed of his/her gestures and body language. Hence, this would help in providing a deep insight in the consumers mind and preferences.†¢ Focus Group: This would be a method for a group of customers to express their opinion on a platform provided. Several minds when act together would give a clear view of what majority of the customers think. However, there are certain pitfalls to this procedure as well which would be tried and avoided as much as possible. †¢ Questionnaires: These are the only tools in the qualitative method that can be quantified and does not entirely depend on interpretation.The questionnaires would mostly contain close ended questions as the open ended ones would be there in the focus groups as well as the in-depth interviews of the customers. †¢ Surveys: As per this method, the customers in each sector would be randomly surveyed for their opinions and suggestion to improve the Banking service in the country. Hence, all t he above mentioned primary data collected would not only help in devising as to what customers prefer but also would provide with a solution and recommend possible outcomes.The secondary sources would be from published sources. In order to analyze the scenario of Multinational Banks in the United Kingdom, the book by Geoffrey Jones (1993) is used for referencing which present the scenario of international Banks in the United Kingdom’s market. Presenting the scenario it states â€Å"the leaders were five large American Banks which dominated the process of syndicated sovereign loans as they sought to achieve an accelerated growth of their assets. They pursued lending strategies that emphasized wide margins and large volumes of loans.† (Jones, 1993, p. 352). Another book by Francesca Carnevali called as the ‘Europe’s Advantage: Banks and Small Firms in Britain, France, Germany and Italy since 1918’ talks about the importance of small Banks. In the rese arch the customer of small banks would also be a subject therefore this book would be of high importance as its states â€Å"small firms are part of local economies. These can be defined simply and loosely as spaces where most local saving found their way to local financial intermediaries and then back into the local economy† (Carnevali, 2005, pp. 2-3).In order to understand the Human psyche as well as competing for customer the help of a book called ‘Competing for Customers and Capital’ by Victor J. Cook Junior (2006). It talks about the competitive cut-throat environment that today every field has including products as well as services and bridges the gap between the marketing and the finance areas. It is also helpful for those who aspire to be the upper level management as it enables the reader to understand the consumer psyche and the reason behind their preferences. A very important book that is used in the literature as a reference is a book by John R.Weeks called the ‘Unpopular Culture: The Ritual of Complaint in a British Bank’ (2003). It talks about how unsatisfied culture of the employees spreads a negative energy in the entire organization and it effects on the performance of the employees which ultimately affects the customer service and produces unsatisfied customers. Book which talks about the history of the Banking Industry in the United Kingdom and the changing and evolutionary trends is a book by Ronald Myles Fitzmaurice (1975) called ‘British banks and banking: A pictorial history’.In order to understand British banking history and how it dealt with crisis in the past, a book by William Frazer (2000) is used called as ‘Central Banking, Crises, and Global Economy’ which states that â€Å"Governments in crises should not be surprised, however, when aid and coordinated private-sector support packages are extended on condition that problem-causing traditions and practices be changed† (Frazer, 2000, p. 315). Along with that the news article by Steve Pain (2000) indicates the importance of customers in the generation of profits by the banks.Hence, the satisfaction of the customers is of utmost importance and therefore they need to be given special attention to. Their needs and requirements have to be identified in order to be in a better position to provide them with better service which is up to their mark. Some companies or banks even misuse their customers by getting them into trouble so that they force them into calling the call center as â€Å"BANKS and power companies have been accused of making big money out of customers who ring their call centers† (Poulter, 2005, p.6). Hence, there are all kinds of business running around the world and in order to have healthy business one needs to get rid of these unethical tactics. Data Analysis As mentioned above, the data collected through primary means as well as secondary means would be critically analyzed to ensure their importance in the research and to determine whether they are being utilized efficiently or not. However, due recognition would be given to any data that has been extracted from other sources and is not achieved via primary method.The entire data collected would not be used but only the important and highly relevant portions would be selected to gain knowledge from and cite in the original research. The data would relate to the original topic as to what are the criteria of the customers when choosing a Bank in the United Kingdom. Anticipated Limitations Despite the best of efforts there are certain limitations that would be faced by the people conducting the research which are as follows;†¢ Time Constraint: Although there my be a lot of time available but for the research of such magnitude there is no sufficient time as with new time new data arises which can be incorporated as well. So time acts as one of the constraints. †¢ Monetary Constraints: Due to th e status of being students, there are certain financial limitations that have to be abided by, hence acting as constraints as there is not a sufficient or unlimited flow of funds.†¢ Knowledge: Although a lot of background research would be done and plenty of material would be read to make this research as authentic as possible but still there is some knowledge that would be unattained. Hence, that unattained knowledge would act as a constraint for further depth in the research. †¢ Secondary Data: The presence of secondary data regarding the given topic is scarce and hence proper information of several fields cannot be gathered which is a constraint for the production of an excellent research. Ethical ConsiderationsThe first and the foremost consideration as per the ethical boundaries would be the due recognition of the material or data taken from other authors by books, articles and journals. If they are not acknowledged, it would be included as plagiarism rather than help from various outside sources. Apart from that, what needs to be taken care of is that none of the Banks or financial institutions is allegedly claimed for poor performance. In short, there should be no incorrect data; all the data should have a back support to it in order to provide the proof of its authenticity.One thing that is often ignored by the researchers is the pre-developed biasness or prejudice. A personal experience or a past knowledge may lead the researcher to have a pre-conceived notion regarding a certain factor. This makes the entire research to be less authentic as its starts to involve personal opinion rather than rational views. For instance, in this case the researcher might have had a bad past experience with a bank and may prolong that biasness into the research making it less objective.Hence, in order for the research to be carried out in an ethical manner, all these ethical concerns have to be taken into account. Otherwise all the effort done by the research er may result to be void. Conclusion The following research would be carried out with the Harvard style citation and the methodology would be ‘qualitative interpretive’ method. The primary sources of data would be the qualitative tools which include In-Depth Interviews, Surveys, Questionnaire and Focus group.The ethical constraints would be followed to make sure that the research is highly objective without the involvement of any plagiarism, incorrect information or personal biasness or prejudice. Hence, the research would follow all the pre-determined set patterns of following a research with a research theory and methodology. Although there are slight constraints which would act as a hurdle in the way but it would be made sure that it doesn’t have a drastic impact on the research.The hypothesis of the research would conclude as to what are the primary, secondary and involuntary (hidden) reasons for customers to choose a particular Bank in the United Kingdom. Bi bliography Jones, G. (1993). British Multinational Banking 1830-1990. Oxford University Press. ISBN 019820602X. Carnevali, F. (2005). Europe’s Advantage: Banks and Small Firms in Britain, France, Germany and Italy since 1918. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0199257396. Cook, V. (2006). Competing for Customers and Capital. South-Western Educational Pub. First Edition. ISBN-10: 0324405979.ISBN-13: 978-0324405972. United States of America. Crawfordsville. Weeks, J. R. (2003). Unpopular Culture: The Ritual of Complaint in a British Bank. University Of Chicago Press. ISBN-10: 0226878120. ISBN-13: 978-0226878126. United States of America. Fitzmaurice, R. M. (1975). British banks and banking: A pictorial history. Barton. ISBN-10: 0851531547. ISBN-13: 978-0851531540. Frazer, W. (2000). Central Banking, Crises, and Global Economy. Praeger Publishers. Westport, CT, London, United Kingdom. Pain, S. (2000). Customers Co-operate in Bank's Profits Boost. The Birmingham Post. 19.